Tag Archives: Cathy Kodra

November 6, 2013 · 10:06 am

Writing tip Wednesday: “As you like it?”

PenPal asks: Should you use “like” or “as”?

Many writers use “like” incorrectly as a preposition in certain instances when they should instead use “as” (or “as if” or “as though”). The rule is really quite simple, and following it will make your writing more professional.

Like is correct when used as a preposition, a part of speech followed by an object (noun or pronoun). Example:
(Correct) She writes like Dickinson. (like is the preposition; Dickinson is the object)

Like is also acceptable when it introduces a clause from which the verb has been omitted.
Example:
(Correct) My mother takes to flower gardening like a bird to air. (bird is the object)

Like used as a preposition does not correctly introduce a verb phrase.
Example:
(Incorrect) Donovan smiled like he was happy about my bad luck. (“He was” is not an object of a preposition; it is a verb phrase.)

But the writer could phrase it this way:
(Correct) Donovan smiled like a lunatic when he found out about my bad luck. (The object here is “lunatic.”)

Or this way:
(Correct) Donovan smiled as though he was happy about my bad luck.

Here are some sample questions to try out this word usage skill. Mark each sentence as correct (C) or incorrect (I). Identify the object when “like” has been used correctly.

___1. Lillian walked like a duck because her new shoes fit poorly.
___2. When you stormed into my house, you acted like you owned it.
___3. Jeremy looked like he’d been hit by a truck when Meredith turned him down.
___4. Mary and Alvin are twins; she looks a lot like him.
___5. My dog eats like a pig when we give her canned food.

Answers:
1. C (Object is “duck”)
2. I (No object)
3. I (No object)
4. C (Object is “him”)
5. C (Object is “pig”)

________

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

About PenPal…
Cathy Kodra works as an independent editor in Knoxville, TN. Her poetry and short stories have appeared in numerous journals and anthologies including Roanoke Review, New Millennium Writings, Common Ground Review, Now & Then, Cavalier Literary Couture, Slow Trains, Still Crazy, The Medulla Review, Prime Mincer, Yemassee, and others. She is a contributing editor for New Millennium Writings and past guest poetry editor for The Medulla Review. She was first runner up in Prime Mincer’s 2011 Poetry Contest, judged by Rodney Jones, and took first place in the 2012 Old Gray Cemetery Poetry Contest. Cathy’s first poetry chapbook, Thin Ice, was published in 2011 by Medulla Publishing.

Cathy is a member of the Knoxville Writers’ Guild and of two local writing groups. An avid reader and writer, she is currently working on two poetry collections and a collection of short stories. Her hobbies include gardening and vegan cooking, and she lives happily with her husband Ron, two dogs, and a cat. She can be reached at www.cathykodra.com.

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October 2, 2013 · 10:02 am

Writing tip Wednesday: “All the while”

Stop awhile

PenPal says:

A while or awhile? How do you know which to use?

I find that many writers often use these words incorrectly. There is an easy way to tell which you should use:

1. Awhile (one word) is an adverb; therefore, it modifies a verb.

Examples (corresponding verbs have been underlined):

    a. I might stay here awhile and watch the sunset with you.
    b. Let’s visit awhile with your grandchildren before we drive home.

2. A while (two words) contains both the article “a” and the noun “while.” The two-word version is a noun phrase, and it will be preceded by a preposition (for, after, in).

Examples (corresponding prepositions have been underlined):

    a. If you would like to travel for a while, consider signing up for the cruise.
    b. I will meet Steven at the theater in a while.

Check your understanding:
A. Mary rode the bus for (awhile / a while).

B. The birds hung around my feeder (awhile / a while) before flying away.

C. Please be aware that the office manager will speak to us in (awhile / a while).

D. Mark searched his memory, and after (awhile / a while) he recalled the correct solution to the math problem.

Simple as that! More PenPal tips will be coming your way in a while.

[Answers: A. a while / B. awhile / C. a while / D. a while]

________

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

About PenPal…
Cathy Kodra works as an independent editor in Knoxville, TN. Her poetry and short stories have appeared in numerous journals and anthologies including Roanoke Review, New Millennium Writings, Common Ground Review, Now & Then, Cavalier Literary Couture, Slow Trains, Still Crazy, The Medulla Review, Prime Mincer, Yemassee, and others. She is a contributing editor for New Millennium Writings and past guest poetry editor for The Medulla Review. She was first runner up in Prime Mincer’s 2011 Poetry Contest, judged by Rodney Jones, and took first place in the 2012 Old Gray Cemetery Poetry Contest. Cathy’s first poetry chapbook, Thin Ice, was published in 2011 by Medulla Publishing.

Cathy is a member of the Knoxville Writers’ Guild and of two local writing groups. An avid reader and writer, she is currently working on two poetry collections and a collection of short stories. Her hobbies include gardening and vegan cooking, and she lives happily with her husband Ron, two dogs, and a cat. She can be reached at www.cathykodra.com.

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September 4, 2013 · 9:04 am

Writing tip Wednesday: “The Great Ellipsis”

Connecting the dots

PenPal says:

Use an ellipsis (. . .) for:

1. The omission of a word, phrase, line, paragraph, or paragraphs; the points must always appear together on the same line. Do not split an ellipsis at the end of a line of text.
Example:
Over the clatter of dishes, Marcy could hear only certain parts of Dan’s conversation with Elicia. “I had to tell her . . . after the wedding . . . and then she blew up at me . . . not something that could be helped.”

2. Academic / research writing when indicating text removed from a larger body of text.
(I will not include an example here as this is beyond the scope of the literary writer’s needs. See style guides for scholarly writing.)

In a nutshell, ellipses should be used for missing text [and sometimes for the trailing off of dialog or thought where missing words are implied]. When using them, be sure to type and space correctly for current standard usage. The Chicago Manual of Style says this (paraphrased):

*Use only three points for general works and some scholarly writing regardless of how many words are missing or where they occur in a sentence (or between sentences).
*There should be one space between the previous word and the ellipsis.
*When typing the ellipsis, place one space between each point.
*There should be a space between the last point of the ellipsis and any following text.
*Leave no space if end punctuation follows the ellipsis.

Examples:
1. “The brightness of the students was not in question . . . At the same time, they were undoubtedly undernourished in literary minerals and vitamins.”
[Note the space before and after the ellipsis. The ellipsis lets the reader know that some of the speaker’s words are missing here.]

2. “I never meant to hurt you, Marissa, but did you really expect . . .?” John’s voice faltered, and over the roar of the plane’s engine, she couldn’t tell if he finished the sentence.
[In this example, the question mark comes immediately after the final dot of the ellipsis—no space.]

When not to use ellipsis points:
1. Before the first word of a quotation, even if the start of that sentence has been omitted.

2. After the last word of a quotation, even if the original end of the sentence has been omitted.

Note: Publishers and editors warn against overuse of the ellipsis in literary / genre writing. Use it sparingly and for best effect.

Please see The Chicago Manual of Style, “Ellipses,” for detailed and comprehensive information.

________

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

About PenPal…
Cathy Kodra works as an independent editor in Knoxville, TN. Her poetry and short stories have appeared in numerous journals and anthologies including Roanoke Review, New Millennium Writings, Common Ground Review, Now & Then, Cavalier Literary Couture, Slow Trains, Still Crazy, The Medulla Review, Prime Mincer, Yemassee, and others. She is a contributing editor for New Millennium Writings and past guest poetry editor for The Medulla Review. She was first runner up in Prime Mincer’s 2011 Poetry Contest, judged by Rodney Jones, and took first place in the 2012 Old Gray Cemetery Poetry Contest. Cathy’s first poetry chapbook, Thin Ice, was published in 2011 by Medulla Publishing.

Cathy is a member of the Knoxville Writers’ Guild and of two local writing groups. An avid reader and writer, she is currently working on two poetry collections and a collection of short stories. Her hobbies include gardening and vegan cooking, and she lives happily with her husband Ron, two dogs, and a cat. She can be reached at www.cathykodra.com.

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August 7, 2013 · 11:52 am

Writing tip Wednesday: “…try, try again.”

If at first you don’t succeed…

PenPal asks, Which is correct?
A. “I will try and schedule a dentist appointment for Tuesday.”
B. “I will try to schedule a dentist appointment for Tuesday.”

My excellent high school and college English instructors taught this well, along with the reasoning behind it, and I’ve never forgotten this grammar point. In fact, it has become a pet peeve of my editorial life!

Here is a somewhat simplified but completely adequate explanation:
In Example A, we have a compound predicate, which means we have two or more distinct actions (verbs or verb phrases). The sense of this is the following: the subject will both try [something] and schedule [a dentist appointment]. If we read it correctly, we are left wondering what the subject is going to try—it could be anything! In my case, it would be to avoid the dentist.

In Example B, we have a simple predicate, which means there is one distinct action (verb or verb phrase). The sense of this is as follows: the subject will try to schedule [a dentist appointment]. Example B contains correct verb usage and syntax; Example A is not correct.

More and more often, I see this phrasing [try and . . .] misused in publications. If you take a moment to think it through logically, it’s an easy and important error to correct in the quest for excellent, rather than mediocre, substandard, writing. Try the brief quiz below to see if you understand the distinction. There is one “trick” question; try to spot it and choose correctly.

Select the correct wording in each sample set below:
A.
1. My mother will try to attend my baby shower even though she lives in Tucson.
2. My mother will try and attend my baby shower even though she lives in Tucson.

B.
1. Mark’s dragon would try and fit into seven pairs of boots that morning before he’d find the perfect pair.
2. Mark’s dragon would try to fit into seven pairs of boots that morning before he’d find the perfect pair.

C.
1. If you don’t mind, Zelda, try and schedule our meeting before 2 p.m. Friday afternoon.
2. If you don’t mind, Zelda, try to schedule our meeting before 2 p.m. Friday afternoon.

D.
1. Try and fail; it’s better than never trying at all.
2. Try to fail; it’s better than never trying at all.

E.
1. Try to pay attention the first time I explain this proof, will you, Zachary?
2. Try and pay attention the first time I explain this proof, will you Zachary?

Answers:
A:1; B:2; C:2; D:1; E:1

[Explanation for D: This is clearly a different usage for “try.” In this sentence, two abstractions are presented. Rather than a subject trying something or failing at something, the author is discussing the broader concepts of effort and failure. We presumably don’t try to fail at anything. Always consider the context when applying grammar rules.]

________

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

About PenPal…
Cathy Kodra works as an independent editor in Knoxville, TN. Her poetry and short stories have appeared in numerous journals and anthologies including Roanoke Review, New Millennium Writings, Common Ground Review, Now & Then, Cavalier Literary Couture, Slow Trains, Still Crazy, The Medulla Review, Prime Mincer, Yemassee, and others. She is a contributing editor for New Millennium Writings and past guest poetry editor for The Medulla Review. She was first runner up in Prime Mincer’s 2011 Poetry Contest, judged by Rodney Jones, and took first place in the 2012 Old Gray Cemetery Poetry Contest. Cathy’s first poetry chapbook, Thin Ice, was published in 2011 by Medulla Publishing.

Cathy is a member of the Knoxville Writers’ Guild and of two local writing groups. An avid reader and writer, she is currently working on two poetry collections and a collection of short stories. Her hobbies include gardening and vegan cooking, and she lives happily with her husband Ron, two dogs, and a cat. She can be reached at www.cathykodra.com.

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July 3, 2013 · 7:03 am

Writing tip Wednesday: “Dash-ing, aren’t we?”

What the heck is an em dash, and why use it?

PenPal answers:

Em dashes may be used for the following grammatical constructions:

1. Amplifying or explaining
[Example: She outlined her strategy—a strategy that would, she hoped, keep the peace.]

2. Separating a subject from a pronoun that introduces the main clause
[Example: Broken promises and lies—such were the obstacles he encountered in their marriage.]

3. Indicating sudden breaks or pauses:
[Example: “Will you—can you—please help me just this once?” asked Jared.]

4. Used in place of or with a comma (often to avoid comma confusion):
[Example 1: Although I can’t call you on Sunday—I’ll explain why later—expect an e-mail, probably early in the morning.] [Example 2, where both em dash and comma are needed: “I promise you I will never—,” Sylvia began, but Raymond cut her short.]

5. With other punctuation (a question mark or exclamation point—but never a comma, semicolon, or colon, and rarely a period—may precede an em dash. [Example: Only if—heaven forbid!—you do your homework first.]

6. Index entries
Example:
—Abelson, John
—Abernathy, Susan
—Bennington, Frank
(etc.)

Note: The em dash is a handy and legitimate punctuation tool often saving a sentence from comma confusion. For more information on correct usage, see The Chicago Manual of Style and William Zinsser’s On Writing Well.

[Next time around, watch for my explanation of ellipsis usage!]

________

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

About PenPal…
Cathy Kodra works as an independent editor in Knoxville, TN. Her poetry and short stories have appeared in numerous journals and anthologies including Roanoke Review, New Millennium Writings, Common Ground Review, Now & Then, Cavalier Literary Couture, Slow Trains, Still Crazy, The Medulla Review, Prime Mincer, Yemassee, and others. She is a contributing editor for New Millennium Writings and past guest poetry editor for The Medulla Review. She was first runner up in Prime Mincer’s 2011 Poetry Contest, judged by Rodney Jones, and took first place in the 2012 Old Gray Cemetery Poetry Contest. Cathy’s first poetry chapbook, Thin Ice, was published in 2011 by Medulla Publishing.

Cathy is a member of the Knoxville Writers’ Guild and of two local writing groups. An avid reader and writer, she is currently working on two poetry collections and a collection of short stories. Her hobbies include gardening and vegan cooking, and she lives happily with her husband Ron, two dogs, and a cat. She can be reached at www.cathykodra.com.

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June 5, 2013 · 6:05 am

Writing tip Wednesday: “‘Then’ is not a conjunction”

PenPal says: The word “then” is NOT a conjunction.

Jonathan Franzen, author of Freedom, The Corrections, Strong Motion, and The Twenty-Seventh City, says the following:

“Never use the word ‘then’ as a conjunction —- we have ‘and’ for this purpose. Substituting ‘then’ is the lazy or tone-deaf writer’s non-solution to the problem of too many ‘ands’ on the page.”

EXAMPLE I:
Incorrect: Sally filed her long, dangerous nails, then went to see the movie Sling Blade.

Correct: Sally filed her long, dangerous nails and then went to see the movie Sling Blade.

EXAMPLE II:
Incorrect: Buford put on his black tie with yellow kitties, then got scared of what Vera would think and replaced it with a yellow tie with green frogs.

Correct: Buford put on his black tie with yellow kitties, but when he considered what Vera might think, he replaced it with a yellow tie with green frogs.

In Example I, the addition of the word “and” and removal of the comma corrects the sentence.

In Example II, revised and more creative wording corrects the sentence.

EXERCISE: Read through a current story or article you are working on and circle the word “then” each time it appears. Now read back through to make sure each “then” is used correctly. If you find it used incorrectly as a conjunction, repair the sentence structure with either of the methods above. Strive to correct 90% of these errors with more creative wording rather than the simple addition of “and.”

________

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

About PenPal…
Cathy Kodra works as an independent editor in Knoxville, TN. Her poetry and short stories have appeared in numerous journals and anthologies including Roanoke Review, New Millennium Writings, Common Ground Review, Now & Then, Cavalier Literary Couture, Slow Trains, Still Crazy, The Medulla Review, Prime Mincer, Yemassee, and others. She is a contributing editor for New Millennium Writings and past guest poetry editor for The Medulla Review. She was first runner up in Prime Mincer’s 2011 Poetry Contest, judged by Rodney Jones, and took first place in the 2012 Old Gray Cemetery Poetry Contest. Cathy’s first poetry chapbook, Thin Ice, was published in 2011 by Medulla Publishing.

Cathy is a member of the Knoxville Writers’ Guild and of two local writing groups. An avid reader and writer, she is currently working on two poetry collections and a collection of short stories. Her hobbies include gardening and vegan cooking, and she lives happily with her husband Ron, two dogs, and a cat. She can be reached at www.cathykodra.com.

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May 1, 2013 · 5:01 am

Writing tip Wednesday: “A, An, and H”

Which is correct usage?

A. James joined an historical society in Atlanta during his years living in Georgia.
B. James joined a historical society in Atlanta during his years living in Georgia.

PenPal says:
If you chose the second sentence (B), you are correct. The only time you use the article “an” before a word starting with an “h” is when that words starts out with a silent “h” and thus a vowel sound. If the “h” is audible, then the article before it should be “a.”

Examples:

I have an hour to waste while I wait for my ride. (“hour” starts with a vowel sound)

She appears to be a happy person. (“happy” starts with an audible “h”)

Martin has a huge chip on his shoulder these days. (“huge” starts with an audible “h”)

Kim received an honorary degree from NYU. (“honorary” starts with a vowel sound)

Simple as A, B…H!
________

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

About PenPal…
Cathy Kodra works as an independent editor in Knoxville, TN. Her poetry and short stories have appeared in numerous journals and anthologies including Roanoke Review, New Millennium Writings, Common Ground Review, Now & Then, Cavalier Literary Couture, Slow Trains, Still Crazy, The Medulla Review, Prime Mincer, Yemassee, and others. She is a contributing editor for New Millennium Writings and past guest poetry editor for The Medulla Review. She was first runner up in Prime Mincer’s 2011 Poetry Contest, judged by Rodney Jones, and took first place in the 2012 Old Gray Cemetery Poetry Contest. Cathy’s first poetry chapbook, Thin Ice, was published in 2011 by Medulla Publishing.

Cathy is a member of the Knoxville Writers’ Guild and of two local writing groups. An avid reader and writer, she is currently working on two poetry collections and a collection of short stories. Her hobbies include gardening and vegan cooking, and she lives happily with her husband Ron, two dogs, and a cat. She can be reached at www.cathykodra.com.

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April 3, 2013 · 4:03 am

Writing tip Wednesday: “Getting rid of was”

PenPal says:

Here is one of the quickest and easiest ways to strengthen your writing:

1. Take a page of prose (or several pages at a time) and find how many times you used the word “was.” To do this on your computer, hold down both Control and the F key for a moment until a search box pops up. In that box, type the word “was” and then click the search button. Your computer will then highlight the word each time it appears in your manuscript. If you are handwriting or have printed out your page(s), take a highlighter and manually highlight the word “was” each time you find it.

2. Read through and choose an active verb to replace the word “was” in as many cases as possible (aim for replacing at least 50%, preferably about 90%).

Sometimes “was” is the best verb choice, but more often a stronger verb will help elevate your writing to a higher interest level. If getting rid of an unnecessary, boring “was” requires minor rewording, do it!

Examples:
A. The muddy dog was on his master’s clean bed.
B. The muddy dog sprawled on his master’s clean bed.

A. Behind the barn, there was a pile a leaves the children were jumping in.
B. Behind the barn, the children jumped in a pile of leaves.

A. Two thousand twelve was a very good year.
B. Two thousand twelve was a very good year. (Sometimes “was” really does work best.)

Keep writing and revising!

________

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

About PenPal…
Cathy Kodra works as an independent editor in Knoxville, TN. Her poetry and short stories have appeared in numerous journals and anthologies including Roanoke Review, New Millennium Writings, Common Ground Review, Now & Then, Cavalier Literary Couture, Slow Trains, Still Crazy, The Medulla Review, Prime Mincer, Yemassee, and others. She is a contributing editor for New Millennium Writings and past guest poetry editor for The Medulla Review. She was first runner up in Prime Mincer’s 2011 Poetry Contest, judged by Rodney Jones, and took first place in the 2012 Old Gray Cemetery Poetry Contest. Cathy’s first poetry chapbook, Thin Ice, was published in 2011 by Medulla Publishing.

Cathy is a member of the Knoxville Writers’ Guild and of two local writing groups. An avid reader and writer, she is currently working on two poetry collections and a collection of short stories. Her hobbies include gardening and vegan cooking, and she lives happily with her husband Ron, two dogs, and a cat. She can be reached at www.cathykodra.com.

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March 6, 2013 · 3:06 am

Writing Tip Wednesday: “All right or alright?”

PenPal says:

Is it all right or alright?
All right is the correct spelling of this term.

Incorrect: It is alright to call me after 10:00 a.m.
Correct: It is all right to call me after 10:00 a.m.

Unfortunately, we’re now seeing more and more incorrect usage of the “alright” spelling. The reason? Inattentive writers have accidentally transferred the spelling pattern of the words “already,” “altogether,” and “almost” (correct spelling) to “all right” and merged the two words to “alright” (incorrect).

To be accurate and professional in your writing, please remember the following correct usage of all right: I have already used the words “all right” in this short article.

________

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

About PenPal…
Cathy Kodra works as an independent editor in Knoxville, TN. Her poetry and short stories have appeared in numerous journals and anthologies including Roanoke Review, New Millennium Writings, Common Ground Review, Now & Then, Cavalier Literary Couture, Slow Trains, Still Crazy, The Medulla Review, Prime Mincer, Yemassee, and others. She is a contributing editor for New Millennium Writings and past guest poetry editor for The Medulla Review. She was first runner up in Prime Mincer’s 2011 Poetry Contest, judged by Rodney Jones, and took first place in the 2012 Old Gray Cemetery Poetry Contest. Cathy’s first poetry chapbook, Thin Ice, was published in 2011 by Medulla Publishing.

Cathy is a member of the Knoxville Writers’ Guild and of two local writing groups. An avid reader and writer, she is currently working on two poetry collections and a collection of short stories. Her hobbies include gardening and vegan cooking, and she lives happily with her husband Ron, two dogs, and a cat. She can be reached at www.cathykodra.com.

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February 6, 2013 · 11:06 am

Writing tip Wednesday: “I or me?”

PenPal says…

I or me? How do we know which one to use? I often see the pronouns “I” and “me” used incorrectly in print, and I also hear the same errors in casual conversation. Examples:
1. Mary sent a birthday invitation to both you and I.
2. Joel and me decided to drive to the party.

Most computer grammar checks will pick this up, so if you see a wavy line under the word “I” or “me,” pay close attention. If you’re writing with pen and paper, try this: take out the “extra” words (both you and—sentence 1; Joe and—sentence 2), and listen to what sounds right:

Incorrect: Mary sent a birthday invitation to I.
Correct: Mary sent an invitation to me.

Incorrect: Me decided to drive to the party.
Correct: I decided to drive to the party.

Rule:
“I” is the subjective case (subject of the sentence – the who or what the sentence is about). “Me” is the objective case (object of the action / thought carried by the verb in the sentence).

________

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

Cathy Kodra a/k/a PenPal

About PenPal…
Cathy Kodra works as an independent editor in Knoxville, TN. Her poetry and short stories have appeared in numerous journals and anthologies including Roanoke Review, New Millennium Writings, Common Ground Review, Now & Then, Cavalier Literary Couture, Slow Trains, Still Crazy, The Medulla Review, Prime Mincer, Yemassee, and others. She is a contributing editor for New Millennium Writings and past guest poetry editor for The Medulla Review. She was first runner up in Prime Mincer’s 2011 Poetry Contest, judged by Rodney Jones, and took first place in the 2012 Old Gray Cemetery Poetry Contest. Cathy’s first poetry chapbook, Thin Ice, was published in 2011 by Medulla Publishing.

Cathy is a member of the Knoxville Writers’ Guild and of two local writing groups. An avid reader and writer, she is currently working on two poetry collections and a collection of short stories. Her hobbies include gardening and vegan cooking, and she lives happily with her husband Ron, two dogs, and a cat.

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